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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00021_Field_frep09.txt
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1996-12-30
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71 lines
THE IMPULSE
The membrane of a glial cell is
wrapped around and around an
axon, shown in cross section in
this enlarged electron
microscopic view. The
encircling membrane is
myelin, which speeds nerve
impulses by raising the
resistance and lowering the
capacitance between inside and
outside. The axon contains a
few organelles called
microtubules.
When the nerve is at rest,
most but not all potassium
channels are open, and most
sodium channels are closed;
the charge is consequently
positive outside. During an
impulse, a large number of
sodium pores in a short length
of the nerve fiber suddenly
open, so that briefly the sodium
ions dominate and that part of
the nerve suddenly becomes
negative outside, relative to
inside. The sodium pores then
reclose, and meanwhile even
more potassium pores have
opened than are open in the
resting state. Both events--the
sodium pores reclosing and
additional potassium pores
opening--lead to the rapid
restoration of the positive-
outside resting state. The whole
sequence lasts about one-
thousandth of a second.
All this depends on the
circumstances that influence
pores to open and close. For
both Na+ and K+ channels, the
pores are sensitive to the
charge across the membrane.
Making the membrane less
positive outside--depolarizing
it from its resting state--results
in the opening of the pores. The
effects are not identical for the
two kinds of pores: the sodium
pores, once opened, close of
their own accord, even though
the depolarization is
maintained, and are then
incapable of reopening for a few
thousandths of a second; the
potassium pores stay open as
long as the depolarization is
kept up. For a given
depolarization, the number of
sodium ions entering is at first
greater than the number of
potassium ions leaving, and the
membrane swings negative
outside with respect to inside;
later, potassium dominates and
the resting potential is
restored.